Research approaches for evaluating opioid sparing in clinical trials of acute and chronic pain treatments: Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials recommendations.

Gewandter JS, Smith SM, Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Gan TJ, Gilron I, Hertz S, Katz NP, Markman JD, Raja SN, Rowbotham MC, Stacey BR, Strain EC, Ward DS, Farrar JT, Kroenke K, Rathmell JP, Rauck R, Brown C, Cowan P, Edwards RR, Eisenach JC, Ferguson M, Freeman R, Gray R, Giblin K, Grol-Prokopczyk H, Haythornthwaite J, Jamison RN, Martel M, McNicol E, L Oshinsky M, Sandbrink F, Scholz J, Scranton R, Simon LS, Steiner D, Verburg K, Wasan AD, Wentworth K.